ABSTRACT Introduction: Colombian university students show low reading levels. This problem is caused in part by inadequate government policies to promote reading and affects the results of Saber Pro tests. Objective: Establish the association between academic performance and weekly academic reading time of a sample of university students of Physical Culture, Sports and Recreation. Methods: Cross-sectional analytical study conducted in 149 students enrolled in the period 2018-II. Descriptive, bivariate and multiple analyses were performed using logistic regression models. To establish the reading time, an ad hoc questionnaire was applied. In the case of academic performance, the accumulated grades average of the university’s Academic System was consulted. Results: The median cumulative grades average of the participants was 3.90/5.0, IR: 0.5 (women: 4.15; RI: 0.35; men: 3.9; RI: 0.4; p = 0.0038). The median weekly reading was 60 minutes RI: 150 (women: 122.5; RI: 120; men: 60, RI: 160; p = 0.0139). After adjusting by sex, age and socioeconomic status, having an average above 3.9/5.0 was associated with more weekly reading minutes (OR: 1.004, 95% CI: 1.001 - 1.007, p = 0.007). Conclusions: Women have more weekly reading time and better academic average than men. Students who have more weekly reading minutes are more likely to have a cumulative average greater than or equal to 3.9 out of 5.0.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los universitarios colombianos registran bajos niveles de lectura. Esta problemática es causada en parte por políticas de gobierno inadecuadas para el fomento de la lectura e incide en los resultados de las pruebas Saber Pro. Objetivo: Establecer la asociación entre el rendimiento académico y el tiempo de lectura académica semanal de una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de cultura física, deporte y recreación. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico realizado en 149 estudiantes matriculados en el periodo 2018-II. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, bivariados y múltiples usando modelos de regresión logística. Para establecer el tiempo de lectura se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc. En el caso del rendimiento académico se consultó el promedio de notas acumulado del Sistema Académico de la universidad. Resultados: La mediana de promedio acumulado de calificaciones de los participantes fue de 3,90/5,0, RI: 0,5 (mujeres: 4,15; RI: 0,35; hombres: 3,9; RI: 0,4; p = 0,0038). La mediana de lectura semanal fue de 60 minutos RI: 150 (mujeres: 122,5; RI: 120; hombres: 60, RI: 160; p = 0,0139). Después de ajustar por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico, tener un promedio superior a 3,9/5,0 resultó asociado con más minutos de lectura semanal (OR: 1,004, IC 95 %: 1,001 - 1,007, p = 0,007). Conclusiones: Las mujeres registran más tiempo de lectura semanal y mejor promedio académico que los hombres. Los estudiantes que tienen más minutos de lectura semanal tienen mayor probabilidad de tener un promedio acumulado mayor o igual a 3,9 sobre 5,0.

ABSTRACT Introduction: To the World Health Organization, overweight and obesity are metabolic risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Objective: Evaluate the association of overweight and obesity to a history of high blood cholesterol, high arterial pressure and diabetes mellitus. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted of 297 students from a private university in Panama. Overweight-obesity was considered as a dependent variable determined for participants with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. High arterial pressure, diabetes mellitus and high blood cholesterol antecedents were established with the basic questionnaire in the STEPS World Health Organization tool. Descriptive, bivariate and multiple analyses were performed with the use of logistic regression models. Results: 46.12% of the study population were overweight-obese. Statistically significant prevalence was higher in men than in women. 12.45%, 11.11% and 8.75% of the students surveyed reported a history of high arterial pressure, high blood cholesterol and diabetes mellitus, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age and socioeconomic level, participants reporting a history of high blood cholesterol had a greater probability of being overweight-obese (OR = 2.92, CI 95%: 1.07-7.93, p = 0.035). Conclusions: Almost half of the university students were overweight-obese. A higher probability of being overweight-obese was found in students reporting high blood cholesterol. It is necessary to implement strategies fostering the acquisition of healthy living habits by the Panamanian university population, thus reducing future cardiovascular risk.

RESUMEN Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad son considerados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como un factor de riesgo metabólico asociado a enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre sobrepeso y obesidad con los antecedentes de colesterol sanguíneo elevado, presión arterial alta y diabetes sacarina. Métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico, realizado en 297 estudiantes de una universidad privada de Panamá. Se consideró como variable dependiente el sobrepeso-obesidad determinada para los participantes con un IMC ≥ 25 kg/m2. Para establecer los antecedentes de presión arterial alta, diabetes sacarina y colesterol sanguíneo elevado, se aplicó el cuestionario básico del instrumento STEPS de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Fueron realizados análisis descriptivos, bivariados y múltiples utilizando modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: El 46,12 % de la población de estudio presentó sobrepeso-obesidad. Los hombres mostraron una prevalencia estadísticamente significativa más alta que las mujeres. El 12,45 %, 11,11 % y 8,75 % de los estudiantes reportaron antecedente de presión arterial alta, colesterol sanguíneo elevado y diabetes sacarina, respectivamente. Después de ajustar por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico, los participantes que reportaron antecedente de colesterol sanguíneo elevado en sangre presentaron una mayor probabilidad de tener sobrepeso-obesidad (OR = 2,92, IC 95 %: 1,07-7,93, p = 0,035). Conclusiones: Casi la mitad de los universitarios presentaron sobrepeso-obesidad. Se encontró una mayor probabilidad de tener sobrepeso-obesidad en los estudiantes que reportaron colesterol sanguíneo elevado. Es importante la implementación de estrategias que promuevan la adquisición de hábitos de vida saludable en la población universitaria panameña con el objetivo de disminuir el riesgo cardiovascular futuro.

ABSTRACT Sitophilus zeamais (maize weevil) in stored cereals is mainly controlled with the use of synthetic insecticides. Botanical insecticides, particularly essential oils, are an alternative to use of synthetic insecticides. In Chile, the best results have been obtained with the use of essential oils of Peumus boldus (boldo), Laurelia sempervirens (laurel) and Laureliopsis philippiana (tepa). A study was conducted in the laboratory to evaluate the repellency of these three extracts against S. zeamais throughout the year. The main components of each essential oil were: 1-8-cineol (from 14.9 to 40%) and ascaridol (24.37%) in P. boldus; methyl eugenol (from 4.6 to 39.7%) and safrole (from 38.5 to 64.7%) in L. sempervirens; safrol (from 17 to 39.6%) and linalool (from 0. 9 to 34.5%) in L. philippiana. Except for the extracts of L. philippiana and P. boldus at 0.125 and 0.25%, all treatments caused repellency, reaching higher levels at concentrations ≥ 4%. Only the essential oil of L. sempervirens presented seasonal variation, with greater repellency in the foliage collected in summer. Due to the absence of seasonal effects, essential oils of P. boldus and L. philippiana are considered promising for the control of pests in stored grains throughout the year.

RESUMEN Sitophilus zeamais (gorgojo del maíz) en cereales almacenados se controla principalmente con insecticidas sintéticos. Una alternativa son los insecticidas botánicos, especialmente los aceites esenciales. En Chile, los mejores resultados se han obtenido con los de Peumus boldus (boldo), Laurelia sempervirens (laurel) y Laureliopsisphilippiana (tepa). Se estudió en laboratorio la repelencia de estos tres extractos sobre S. zeamais a lo largo del año. Los componentes principales de P. boldus fueron 1-8-cineol (14,9 a 40%) y ascaridol (24,37%). En L. sempervirens destacaron metil-eugenol (4,6 a 39,7%) y safrol (38,5 a 64,7%), y en L. philippiana safrol (17 a 39,6%) y linalool (0,9 a 34,5%). Salvo los extractos de L. philippiana y P. boldus al 0,125 y 0,25%, todos los tratamientos causaron repelencia, con mayor nivel en concentraciones ≥ 4%. Sólo el aceite esencial de L. sempervirens presentó variación estacional, con mayor repelencia en el follaje colectado en verano. La falta de efecto estacional de los aceites esenciales de P. boldus y L. philippiana se estiman promisorias para el control de plagas de granos almacenados durante todo el año.

In Chile, the main Coleopteran species of stored grains are Sitophilus oryzae, S. zeamais, and S. granarius. The aim of this study was to evaluate under laboratory conditions the contact and fumigant insecticidal activity, as well as the repellent and antifeedant effects of Laureliopsis philippiana (Looser) Schodde essential oil against adults of Sitophilus spp. The main compounds identified in this essential oil were methyleugenol (61.38%) and safrole (14.76%). Based on the contact bioassay, the highest toxicity was achieved with the concentration of 4.0% (v/w), and S. oryzae was the most susceptible species. Emergence (F1) was reduced as the concentration of the essential oil increased, reaching maximums of 60% in the case of S. granarius and S. oryzae, and 36% in S. zeamais. Mortality by fumigant activity was 100% for the three species of Sitophilus. All of the treatments had a repellent effect. The highest antifeedant activity (82.9%) was recorded at 4.0% (v/w) concentration. Concentrations below 2.0% (v/w) did not affect germination of maize. Based on these results, L. philippiana essential oil has the potential to control Sitophilus spp. weevils.

Cereals constitute a relevant part of human and domestic animal diet. Under storage conditions, one of the most significant problems of these crops is insect pests as the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky). This insect species is usually controlled by means of synthetic insecticides but problems as toxic residues and resistance has led to the search for more friendly control alternatives such as botanical insecticides. The aim of this research was to evaluate, under laboratory conditions, the insecticidal properties of the powder and the essential oil of peumo (Cryptocarya alba [Molina] Looser; Lauraceae) leaves against S. zeamais. The variables assessed were toxicity by contact and fumigant activity, adult emergence (F1), repellent effect, and impact on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination. A completely randomized design was used with five treatments and 10 replicates. The higher mortality levels were obtained at 80 g powder kg-1 grain and 40 mL essential oil kg-1 grain of C. alba; in both cases, the mortality of adult S. zeamais surpassed 80%. The emergence of adults S. zeamais (F1) was reduced by 100% at 80 g powder kg-1 grain and 40 mL essential oil kg-1 grain. Germination of wheat seeds treated with C. alba powder and essential oil was not affected. Both, the powder and the oil treatments showed repellent effect, but not fumigant activity.

The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky is a worldwide key pest of stored products. Usually contact insecticides or fumigants are used against it, but problems as toxic residues, human intoxications, and resistance have triggered the search for alternative control methods as the use of essential oils. The objective of this research was to assess under laboratory conditions, the insecticidal properties of Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pav.) Tul. essential oil against S. zeamais. In contact toxicity bioassay assessed treatments were 0 (control), 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, and 40 mL essential oil kg-1 grain and 0 (control), 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, and 175 μL essential oil L-1 air in fumigant toxicity tests. The highest toxicity by contact activity was reached by concentrations higher than 10 mL essential oil kg-1 grain (100% mortality). The same treatments totally inhibit F1. The dose of 175 μL essential oil L-1 air showed a significant toxicity by fumigant activity causing 72.5% of dead insects. The other treatments did not surpass 5% mortality. In offspring effect (F1) bioassay, all treatments had an insect emergence significantly lower than the control but concentrations equal or higher than 10 mL essential oil kg-1 grain prevented the emergence of F1 during the 7 wk of bioassay. The residual effect of contact toxicity remained by 15 d. The treatments based on essential oil lead to a weight grain loss lower than control and germination was not affected. All assessed treatments showed repellent effect. The essential oil of L. sempervirens has promissory perspectives to maize weevil control.

The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of stored grain maize. As an ecological pest control alternative, the use of botanical insecticides, such as powder from boldus (Peumus boldus Molina) foliage singly or mixed with lime, has been evaluated. Unfortunately, its shelf life is very short and does not exceed 15 d. The effectiveness of vacuum storage on insecticidal properties of a natural grain protector produced with boldus powder:lime at proportions of 50:50 and 60:40 against adults of S. zeamais was assessed under laboratory conditions. Treatments were evaluated at 1% and 2% (w/w) for 150 d of storage. All treatments based on boldus powder kept the level of mortality by contact activity over 80% at 150 d of storage. The highest toxicity, as a fumigant, was observed in treatments 50:50 at 2% and 60:40 at 1% and 2% with mortality over 60%. The grain weight loss was less than 1% and seed germination was not affected. With the exception of 0:100 at 2% without vacuum storage, all treatments were repellent to S. zeamais. Vacuum storage extended shelf life of the grain protector for 150 d.

The insecticidal properties of water-extract of Peumus boldus Molina and its effect on the development cycle and feeding habits of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith and Helicoverpa zea Boddie were evaluated under laboratory conditions in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0% (w/w). Spodoptera frugiperda was the most susceptible with 75% mortality at 7 d at 8% P. boldus concentration, while H. zea had only 30% mortality. LC50 was 2.31 mL kg-1 for S. frugiperda and 16.05 mL kg¹ for H. zea. When the extract concentration increased in the diet, larval size and weight, percentage of pupation and number of adults decreased, and the time required to reach those states was greater. Neonate larvae fed primarily on the diet with the lower extract concentration and the control was preferred by more than 50% of larvae. Inhibition of feeding, growth, weight gain of 3rd instar larvae as well as new biomass production decreased with concentration of the extract.

The insecticidal effect of Peumus boldus M. powder was evaluated at three different concentrations (0, 5%, 1%, 2%) for the control of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky on eigth wheat cultivars under laboratory conditions. The parameters evaluated were: preference, repellent effect, mortality and emergence of adult insects, grain weigth loss and germination. A completely random design with a factorial arrangment of 3x8 was used. Regarding insect preference Huañil and Ciko cultivars showed significant differences among them. The highest percentage of preference was obtained by cv. Huañil cultivar (18%), while cv. Ciko cultivar got the lowest percentage (3.8%). The other treatments did not show significant differences. Mortality registered 80% in every treatment, reaching 100% when 1% and 2% (w/w) of powder were used. These treatments also provided a low emergence of insects, obtaining 0% of emergence with 2% (w/w) of the powder. Grain weight loss was lower than 0.27g in all cultivars and concentrations, and grain germination was affected by all concentrations of powder. Finally, the powder of P. boldus was repellent to S. zemais in all evaluated concentrations.

Se evaluó en laboratorio el efecto insecticida del polvo de Peumus boldus Molina en concentraciones de 0,5%, 1% y 2% (p/p) para el control de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky en ocho cultivares de trigo. Los parámetros evaluados fueron; preferencia, repelencia, mortalidad y emergencia de insectos adultos y pérdida de peso y germinación del grano. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial de 3x8. En cuanto a la preferencia del insecto, los cultivares Huañil y Ciko presentaron diferencias significativas entre sí, siendo Huañil el que obtuvo el mayor porcentaje (18%) y Ciko el menor (3,8%). Los restantes cultivares se comportaron de manera similar, no presentando diferencias significativas. La mortalidad en todos los tratamientos tuvo un porcentaje superior al 80% llegando a un 100% en el caso de las concentraciones más altas. Estos tratamientos también propiciaron una menor emergencia, registrándose un 0% al aplicar 2% (p/p) del polvo. La pérdida de peso del grano fue menor a 0,27 g en todos los cultivares y concentraciones pero la germinación del grano se vio afectada con todas las concentraciones de polvo. Finalmente, P. boldus es repelente para S. zeamais en todas las concentraciones evaluadas.

The objective of this work was to determine the annual variation of Peumus boldus Molina insecticidal properties for the control of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, under laboratory conditions. The powder of P. boldus leaves was evaluated, during 12 months, in 0.5, 1, and 2% (w/w) concentrations. Thirty-six treatments, with three replications, were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design, with a factorial arrangement. Evaluations were made for adult and immature insect percentage mortality and emergence, grain weight loss and seed germination. The greatest mortality was obtained in August and September 2003, in the three concentrations with 100%, and the lowest mortality was registered in May 2003, when only 2% (w/w) reached almost 100% mortality. The lowest adult insect emergence and weight loss were obtained in the same treatments. The effect on immature stages was lower than on adults; and grain germination was affected by P. boldus powders. Insecticidal properties of P. boldus leaves powder are not stable during the year; May is the month with lesser insecticide efficacy; and the powder affects grain germination.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar la variación anual en las propiedades insecticidas de Peumus boldus Molina, en el control de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, bajo condiciones de laboratorio. El polvo de hojas de P. boldus se evaluó durante 12 meses, en concentraciones de 0,5, 1 y 2% (p/p). Se evaluaron 36 tratamientos con tres repeticiones, en un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con un arreglo factorial. Se determinó el porcentaje de mortalidad y emergencia de insectos adultos e inmaduros y pérdida de peso y germinación del grano. La mayor mortalidad se obtuvo en los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2003, para las tres concentraciones con un 100%, mientras que la menor fue en mayo de 2003, cuando solo la concentración de 2% fue próxima a 100% de mortalidad. La menor emergencia de insectos adultos y pérdida de peso se obtuvieron en los mismos tratamientos. El efecto sobre estados inmaduros fue menor que contra adultos, y la germinación de los granos de maíz fue afectada por los polvos de P. boldus. Las propiedades insecticidas del polvo de hojas de P. boldus no son estables durante el año, Mayo es el mes con la menor eficacia insecticida, y la germinación de las semillas se ve afectada por el polvo.

The pear slug (Caliroa cerasi L.) is an important pest of sweet cherries in Chile. It attacks during the harvest and can only be controlled by organosynthetic insecticides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fatty acids (Peak Plus®) of low risk of toxicity on mammals. The mortality and median lethal concentration (LC50) of Peak Plus® against C. cerasi was determined under laboratory conditions using ten larvae fed on leaf disks in Petri dishes. The insecticide efficacy and foliar damage were evaluated under field conditions on sweet cherry cv. Bing. Treatments were arranged as randomized complete block design with six treatments replicated four times. The LC50 obtained was 1.14 g-L¹ and LC90 was 2.7 g-L¹ 24 h after treatments. In the field, Peak Plus® at a concentration of 10 g-L¹ showed high efficacy against C. cerasi, similar to the effects obtained with fenvalerate and methidathion. Peak Plus® at the highest rate decreased foliar damage in a similar way to other insecticides currently used. Finally, we concluded that Peak Plus® is an efficient alternative to organosynthetic insecticides in the control of C. cerasi of sweet cherry

El chape del cerezo es una de las plagas más importantes del cerezo debido a que el ataque se produce durante la cosecha y su control se basa solamente en insecticidas sintéticos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar un ácido graso de baja toxicidad para mamíferos. En laboratorio, en placas Petri con diez larvas, se estimó mortalidad y concentración letal 50% (CL50) de Peak Plus® sobre Caliroa cerasih. Se evaluaron cinco concentraciones de Peak Plus® más un testigo absoluto, con cuatro repeticiones y un diseño experimental completamente al azar. Se evaluaron seis tratamientos, incluyendo un testigo absoluto, con cinco repeticiones en un diseño experimental de bloques completamente al azar. En laboratorio, los valores de CL50 y CL90 a las 24 h fueron de 1,14 g-L4 y de 2,7 g-L4 respectivamente. En campo, PeakPlus® a una concentración de 10 g-L4 fue tan efectivo en el control de C. cerasi como fenvalerato y metidation. Peak Plus® detuvo el daño foliar al igual que los insecticidas usados comúnmente. Finalmente se concluye que Peak Plus® es una alternativa efectiva a los insecticidas sintéticos en el control de C. cerasi

Twenty three powdered plants were evaluated under laboratory conditions against Sitophilus zeamais Mots. on stored corn. In the first part of the work all plants were evaluated at a concentration of 1.0% (w/w). Furthermore the powders with best results were evaluated at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% on corn grains infested with insects during 24 hours, 30, 60 and 90 days. Sixty three treatments in a completely randomized experimental design were evaluated and the study was replicated three times. In the first stage the highest level of insect mortality was exhibited with Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Peumus boldus Mol. at 1.0% concentration (w/w), with values of 65.8% and 99.3%, respectively. The highest insect emergence reductions were obtained with the same treatments and the grain weight was reduced up to 13.0%. In the evaluation with more concentrations, the best results were obtained with treatments at 1.0% and 2.0% (w/w), with C. ambrosioides the insect mortality values were 90.3% and 90.1% and with P. boldus mortalities of 97.1% and 98.8% were achieved. The residual effect lasted up to 24 hours.

Se evaluaron, bajo condiciones de laboratorio, 23 plantas en polvo para el control de Sitophilus zeamais Mots. en maíz almacenado. En una primera etapa se evaluaron todos los polvos a una concentración del 1,0% (p/p). Posteriormente aquellos polvos con mejores resultados fueron probados en concentraciones del 0,1, 0,5, 1,0 y 2,0% en granos de maíz infestados con los insectos a las 24 horas, 30, 60 y 90 días. Se evaluaron 63 tratamientos distribuidos en un diseño experimental completamente al azar y el ensayo se repitió tres veces. En la primera etapa, la mayor mortalidad de insectos se obtuvo con Chenopodium ambrosioides L. y Peumus boldus Mol. con 65,8% y 99,3%, respectivamente. Estos tratamientos también propiciaron la menor emergencia de adultos, mientras que la pérdida de peso de los granos no superó el 13,0%. En las evaluaciones a diferentes concentraciones mostraron una mayor mortalidad y menor emergencia a concentraciones del 1,0% y 2,0% (p/p), obteniéndose para C. ambrosioides una mortalidad del 90,3% y 90,1% y para P. boldus 97,1% y 98,8%, respectivamente. La residualidad se mantuvo sólo en el tratamiento de 24 horas.